What are Hardware Security Modules (HSMs)?
Hardware Security Modules are dedicated, tamper‑resistant devices designed to securely generate, store, and manage cryptographic keys, and to perform cryptographic operations (like encryption/decryption, authentication, digital signing) in a way that protects sensitive data from unauthorized access. Because keys never leave the secure hardware boundary, HSMs are widely used in environments where data protection, regulatory compliance, and secure transactions are critical — such as banking, cloud infrastructure, and healthcare.
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